Matt Hale, international sales manager at HRS Heat Exchangers, explains how using heat can help those who process food stuffs reduce their wastage. It is important that all parts of the food chain are as efficient as possible…
When processing any kind of remotely viscous food product it is inevitable that a certain amount will adhere to surfaces, such as the inside of vessels and pipe work, or become left in equipment after processing. The potential value of this lost product can soon add up, especially when handling large quantities of viscous, valuable products such as honey, syrups and purées.
There is relatively little data available on the amount of product lost during processing. One European study in 2010 suggested that 4.1million tonnes of food was lost during processing each year in the UK1, although no further breakdown is available. In addition, the analysis that the EU has done is concerned with calculating the environmental impact of such waste, for example in terms of associated greenhouse gas emissions, rather than the economic costs to businesses and society. At a time when all forms of food waste is under increasing scrutiny, it is important that all parts of the food chain are as efficient as possible when it comes to wastage.
The good news is that the processing and packaging part of the food chain is already the most efficient, accounting for just four percent of overall food losses according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)2. However, there is always room for improvement and management processes and equipment design are the two biggest tools food manufactures have at their disposal. Many manufacturers are already adopting this type of best practice. For example, since 2009 PepsiCo has reduced food losses at its UK sites by 20% as part of a wider initiative spearheaded by the IGD3.
There are two ways of minimising such losses in equipment and in an ideal situation they will be used in combination. The first involves designing equipment, such as tubular heat exchangers, which prevent product adhering to the surface in the first place – keeping it flowing through the system. The second aspect is the use of dedicated systems to clean and recover product from equipment after processing and before full cleaning occurs.
Many modern heat exchangers are designed to handle viscous fluids without fouling. Some of these units use the corrugated tube designs, while other units used in more demanding situations use scrapers to continually remove residues from the surface of the tubes before they build up. These heat exchangers can be used for numerous processes, including heating and cooling, cooking, concentrating, pasteurising and sterilising.
This self-cleaning provides two advantages in use. Firstly, as the foodstuff being treated is kept moving and does not adhere to the tube surface losses during processing are minimised. Secondly, because a ‘fouling layer’ is not built up, the optimal thermal performance of the heat exchanger is maintained increasing process efficiency and reducing energy use or treatment times.
You’ll Need To Clean!
No matter how good your equipment is at preventing product build-up, there will come a time when cleaning, usually in the form of cleaning-in-place or CIP, needs to be carried out. Depending on the range of products handled and product complexity this may be required several times a day between production batches. If product remaining in equipment is ‘flushed’ through as part of cleaning procedures then, as shown above, hundreds of thousands of pounds of product could be lost each year.
Traditionally the problem has been overcome by the use of ‘pigging systems’ to physically push product through key parts of the system or to use water or air to push product through, although all have certain disadvantages, including added complexity and the potential to dilute or contaminate products.
Another option is to use a heat exchanger which is capable of emptying itself before the cleaning cycle commences. This might take the form of a tube-in-tube heat exchanger which uses scraper bars within the inner tube. While these may be primarily designed to enhance product flow, prevent fouling and minimise pressure drop, some manufacturers will configure such units to be able to run in reverse. When used in such a way they can be used to effectively empty the heat exchanger tubes of product without damaging it or changing its characteristics.
Such a solution is particularly suitable for high value viscous products such as honey, treacle, custards and creams, where any loses of product can be economically important. If you can use a suitable heat exchanger, then the majority of product can be emptied without the need for any additional pumps or pressure systems. This provides advantages in terms of both capital- and running-costs.
If you are considering such a system, ask the manufacturer if the unit can be configured for both horizontal and vertical operation, so that gravity can also be used to help recover product from the tubes. Can units be supplied with different multiples of tube and what are the potential pay back periods?
