A new paper on carbon-negative sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) by US scientists looks at using food waste and other wet waste to produce jet fuel.
Aircraft stand at a turning point in the race to reduce emissions to mitigate climate change. Although the aircraft sector only accounts for a sliver of transportation-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States—at 9%—it is difficult to decarbonise.
With jet fuel demand set to double pre-pandemic levels by 2050 and airlines ramping up pledges to reduce emissions, innovations in fuels, engines, and emerging technologies are critical to closing the gap to net zero.
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the article – produced by scientists at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in the US, the University of Dayton, Yale University, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory – outlines a biorefining process using the untapped energy of food waste and other wet waste to produce SAF both compatible with existing jet engines and capable of supporting net-zero-carbon flight.
This demonstration by NREL to produce SAF from wet waste demonstrates the technical potential for feedstock flexibility the industry needs to achieve fuel decarbonisation at scale
In practice, that means that GHG emissions created from jet fuel combustion are ‘zeroed out’ by lifecycle GHG emissions removed or diverted from the atmosphere when producing the fuel, the paper suggests.
Large aviation companies, including Southwest Airlines, are already collaborating with NREL and other organisations on the US Department of Energy’s wet waste flight demonstration project.
Beginning in 2019, Southwest began working with NREL as part of its increased commitment to incorporating commercially viable SAF into its operation, when available.
With this publication, moving such efforts from demonstration to commercial reality ‘is closer than ever before’, says NREL
“If our refining pathway is scaled up, it could take as little as a year or two for airlines like Southwest to get the fuel regulatory approvals they need to start using wet waste SAF in commercial flights,” said NREL scientist Derek Vardon, the corresponding author of the paper.
“That means net-zero-carbon flights are on the horizon earlier than some might have thought.”
Negative-Carbon
The emissions reductions of the researcher’s SAF—a 165% drop in net carbon emissions compared to fossil jet—are achievable by targeting the huge greenhouse gas footprint of food waste, they say.
Every year, millions of tonnes of food waste is disposed of in landfills across the US, NREL says. Once there, it rots and produces methane, a greenhouse gas over 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide.
Eliminating food waste as a source of methane, then, can be a highly effective way at driving down landfill emissions, the scientists say.
In producing fuel, they say previous research showed how to interrupt methane generation with fermenters that transform the carbon energy of food waste and other organic “wet waste” into volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which can be upgraded into jet fuel. But those studies, while proving that SAF from wet waste is possible, did not document how such fuel could meet ASTM International’s fuel property requirements.
“Meeting ASTM standards is mandatory for the use and deployment of new SAF by industry,” Vardon said. “Our paper shows we can make drop-in SAF that meets those standards, with analysis that reveals how to refine VFAs so airlines can utilize large amounts of VFA-SAF without sacrificing performance.”
Using a catalyst to add more carbon to VFA molecules, Vardon and the other scientists showed how to build long strings of energy-rich paraffin hydrocarbons that are essentially chemically identical to those in conventional jet fuel—except with a fraction of the carbon footprint.
“The NREL SAF pathway from food waste is a very promising candidate for ASTM International D4054 Fast Track evaluation,” said Josh Heyne, an associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Dayton, who is a co-author of the paper and leading expert on SAF ASTM testing.
“The fuel samples we tested have very promising compositions, and NREL’s ability to tailor these compositions is very favorable for approval.”
Reducing GHG Emissions
Using higher amounts of SAF in jet engines requires more time to be approved but doing so can also enable much larger reductions in net emissions, the scientists say. To provide a pathway for getting ASTM approval for higher blends, the paper outlines an extra step to produce more complex molecules called isoparaffins, which can have unique branched chemical structures.
With more testing, SAF made from a combination of renewable isoparaffins and straight-chain paraffins could be blended with conventional jet fuel in higher concentrations, up to 70%.
“Since the SAF blend would have a carbon footprint 165% lower than fossil jet, that blend is high enough to decarbonize flight,” Vardon explained.
The result is a fuel refining process that offers airlines a quick win on reducing emissions in the short-term with smaller volumes of SAF, while also providing a long-term blueprint for higher SAF blends that enable deeper emissions reductions.
“Developing new SAF production technologies to convert feedstocks that expand beyond fats, oils, and grease is critical for the future growth of our industry,” said Bryan Sherbacow, chief commercial officer of World Energy—a global biofuel company that operates the world’s first SAF refinery, established in California in 2016.
“This demonstration by NREL to produce SAF from wet waste demonstrates the technical potential for feedstock flexibility the industry needs to achieve fuel decarbonisation at scale.”
Commercial Flight
Achieving feedstock flexibility at scale is ‘no small feat’ NREL says. It demands a multidisciplinary team of leading scientists, analysts, and industry experts, all working inward from their corner of the puzzle in support of a compelling outline for commercial flight with SAF. While some refine the catalyst chemistry for upgrading VFAs, others test fuel properties in the laboratory. Still others analyse the economics of ramping up industrial production.
But perhaps the most critical players at the table are commercial airlines themselves, NREL says. Several large US airlines are already committed to using SAF in their aircraft and are ‘ramping up’ efforts to find new routes to low-carbon SAF to help meet their environmental goals.
The US Southwest Airlines, for example, is collaborating with NREL on scaling up SAF from wet waste and is providing industry insight on how the fuel might be used and supplied across key regions throughout the United States.
Our SAF route is not a silver bullet… but as a piece of the puzzle it could make a significant dent in an industry notoriously hard to decarbonise
By describing a pathway for producing SAF on a larger scale, this new research could make it easier for the airline to adopt the fuel more widely and reduce emissions from its operations.
“We’re excited to partner with NREL as we continue our journey to make commercially-viable SAF a reality and a part of Southwest’s future,” said Michael AuBuchon, senior director of Fuel Supply Chain Management at Southwest.
“It is undeniable that SAF’s role in reducing emissions across the industry and at Southwest will be significant. NREL’s research could provide a game-changing opportunity to make SAF cost-effective, leading to its larger-scale deployment.”
“Our SAF route is not a silver bullet,” Vardon added, “but as a piece of the puzzle it could make a significant dent in an industry notoriously hard to decarbonise.”
NREL’s analysis team has shown US wet waste, including food waste, has enough energy content to cover about 20% of US jet fuel consumption.
As fuel is a primary source of GHG emissions in the aviation industry—carbon-negative SAF from low-cost wet waste may just be what it needs for a wider push for decarbonisation to take off.
